Unplanned Housing in Dhaka City Finding Solutions free essay sample

In a country like Bangladesh, population is increasing at such an alarming rate that, in near future, living in sea can also become necessary. Especially in Dhaka, the situation is more complicated. As, Bangladesh couldn’t decentralize her capital, people from all over the country rush to Dhaka in search of better opportunity. As a result, almost one fifteenth of the population lives in one certain city. Dhaka is ranked 19th among the megacities by population and this population will reach to 26 million within 2025 if it remains uncontrolled. To accommodate this huge stream of people, unplanned residential areas came into being. Aristocratic people possessed more than sufficient land for their palaces whereas, poor people could only manage small slums to accommodate huge. Moreover, commercial areas overlapped in residential areas and total environment has become hazardous. Now the scenario is, one part of Dhaka shows the glamour of modern life with modern housing facilities, where, below the light, darkness resides in the highly increasing number of unplanned slums. We will write a custom essay sample on Unplanned Housing in Dhaka City: Finding Solutions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So, Dhaka is now a city of people and people everywhere with no place to feel safe to reside. So, it has become a must to re-plan Dhaka again for Healthy living. 2. Planned Housing and Dhaka city . 1 Planned Housing â€Å"Planned Housing† is a very important task before planning any megacity. To make a city fit for living, residential and commercial areas are needed to be distinguished. Then, to establish a proper housing, proper estimation and distribution of the expected population is needed. A planned housing system ensures safe and healthy living in a city. Planned housing is an age old practice. Many ancient cities like Rome or Baghdad had well planned housing system. In modern world, this practice has become more necessary as population has increased enormously but, land areas are still the same. So, only planned housing can accommodate this huge population. Figure 2: An urban plan with planned housing of 1902 2. 2 Planned Housing in Dhaka City As Dhaka is one of the most flourishing megacities in south-east Asia, the city is burdened with a lot of socio-economic headquarters and business possibilities. In any other city, this could be a positive side, but for Dhaka, this has become a big problem. People from all over the country are bound to step into this city because; all administrative and business headquarters of the country are in Dhaka. So, the population of Dhaka is ascending with no limits. So, a planned housing system is highly needed for the city. To make Dhaka a well planned megacity, â€Å"Rajdhani Unnayan Kortripokkho (RAJUK) â€Å"is the only organization that is assigned. RAJUK keeps eye on the total planning of the city and they are working on building a well planned housing system in the city. RAJUK covers 1528 sq. kilometers of area to plan a habitable Dhaka. The plan covers areas within- * Gazipur Pourashava(Municipality) to the North * Dhaleshawri River to the south * Bangshi and Dhaleshawri River to the west Shitalakkhya and Meghna River to the East Figure 3: Dhaka city map This total area is taken under the master plan named â€Å"Detailed Area Plan (DAP)†. Goal of DAP is to plan a better Dhaka with better opportunities of living, travelling and passing daily life with more comfort. So, the plan certainly covers measures to implement a proper housing system. RAJUK is expanding the city with new residential areas in Purbachal and Jhilmil. Some colonies for floating people are yet to be made. With all its effort, RAJUK is aiming at building a habitable atmosphere in Dhaka. 2. Recent Scenario of Housing System in Dhaka City Dhaka has become a city of overcrowded people now-a-days. It has become a common destination for job seekers, for higher studies, for business purpose and even sometimes it is a holiday destination. As a result, population in Dhaka has broken all limits. A survey shows that, Dhaka is the worst livable city among 140 cities of the world. . Figure 4: Comparison between the increase of land area and population in Dhaka city The figure above shows that, from 1608 to 2012, the population has climbed up whereas; land area could not keep pace with the flow. The blue line just attached with the horizontal axis shows the slow rate of increasing of the land area. This mismatch among between the increase of population and land area has created a huge pressure on Dhaka. Consequently, the scenario has created problems like- * Scarcity of sufficient land for accommodation * Difficulties in planning residential areas for such a huge population * Massive explosion of slums * High risk on public health * Huge traffic on road 3. Problems Due to Unplanned Housing * Problems Due to Diversity in Structures Due to unplanned housing, there prevails different types of structures without any regular frequency (e. g. somewhere skyscrapers are built where nearby exists slums) in all over Dhaka. Figure 5: Increasing slums of Dhaka City As a result, the megacity has lost its true beauty and balance. In time of disasters these housing structures are more damaged than usual due to this imbalance of housing structures. * Problem in Sanitation Proper sanitation cannot be provided to the inhabitants of Dhaka due to lack of a planned urbanization. Sanitation issues such as safe drinking water and ood, proper waste management are at stake in many areas of Dhaka. Especially in slums no proper sanitation can be provided to people. A large number of people live in a very congested place having temporary informal housings where there is no availability of safe drinking water and food and most of the temporary huts don’t have topping and ventilation. In slums they have common community bathroom sha red by at least 20 families and most of the bathrooms are generally fenced with gunny bags or without roofs which totally hampers the sanitation of slum-dwellers. * Problems in Transportation There are many housing areas in Dhaka which are blocking the roads area making roads and streets narrower. This causes lack of space for vehicles to move through the roads easily and sometimes this result in severe traffic jams. Moreover in rainy season, these roads and streets become almost unusable due to water logging after heavy rainfall. * Problems in Sewerage System Though Dhaka has a water-borne sewerage system, it is not sufficient to treat all the wastages of such a large number of housings. It can serve only 22% of the population while another 30% are served with septic tanks. Due to unplanned housings there exists a huge lack of proper drainage in central sewerage system which causes many serious problems. In flood time and rainy season this causes water logging which enhances the growth of mosquitoes, different germs and bacteria’s which eventually causes different diseases. * Problems in Water Supply System Unplanned housing in all over Dhaka makes situation adverse for providing necessary water supply to everyone. Only two-thirds of households in Dhaka are served by the city water system. As a result there prevails serious shortage of water supply in different areas causing immense suffering to people. Due to gradual sinking of ground water level is making the situation worse. * Problems in Power Supply Due to a large number of unplanned housings in Dhaka it is not possible for DESA to provide sufficient power supply to all. As a result, there exists a huge power supply demand and load shedding is one of the major problems of today’s Dhaka. * Building Vulnerability Most of the housings in Dhaka are built in such a way that doesn’t follow RAJUK’s building codes and a large number of them have not built their housings as they have submitted to RAJUK. Due to irrational violation of building codes, most of the structures are built weak enough to stand in time of natural disasters such as earthquake, tornado and in time of disaster or pressure on buildings, buildings are subjected to collapse. There are many buildings in Dhaka which are at least fifty years old and they can collapse anytime causing immense suffering to people. * Lose Increases in Disasters As houses in Dhaka are not being built in a planned way, it creates serious problems in tackling disasters such as earthquake, flood, and cyclone. Most of the structures subject to severe loss in disasters (e. . earthquake causes collapse of unsafe buildings while floods causing damages to housing materials). * Problems in Rescue Operation Current housing situations in Dhaka causes many problems in rescue operations after any kind of accident or calamity such as breaking out fire, collapse of building structure etc. Lack of a planned urbanization specially congested housing wastes many times to reach the affected place with rescue teams and rescue. * Environmental Pollution Unplanned housing in Dhaka is one of the main causes of environmental pollution in Dhaka. As industrial area and residential area are not separated, air polluted by smokes of industries and water is polluted by mixing of industrial wastages into water. As unplanned housing has enhanced lack of proper drainage and sewerage, it also pollutes air and water. * Hindrance in Infrastructural Development As there is no regular planned housing in Dhaka, it is very difficult to take any infrastructural development activities in Dhaka. In order to take any infrastructural development, it is required to demolish more number of housings than usual and this makes almost impossible to take any such development activities. . Questionnaire Analysis A questionnaire of 10 Questions used among 30 people revealed following information: Table 1: Questionnaire Analysis Area| Population Type| Housing System| Government steps| Problems in Future| Mohammadpur| Dense| Unplanned| Absent| May increase| Katabon| Medium| Semi-Planned| Absent| May be same| Kollyanpur| Dense| Unplanned| Absent| May incre ase| Mirpur| Dense| Unplanned| Absent| May increase| Shakhari Bazar| Dense| Unplanned| Absent| May Increase| Gulshan| Medium| Planned| Present| May remain same| Uttara| Medium| Planned| Present| May decrease| Analyzing the Questionnaire, some facts came to light as; * Newer parts of Dhaka are more planned than older ones * Government planning newer areas, but older are getting no moderations * Around 77% people (23 out of 30) have lost hope of any change * Around 63% people (19 out of 30) think, â€Å"Unplanned housing making Dhaka unlivable† * More than 86% people (26 out of 30) opine that, â€Å"Dhaka should be re-built† 5. Solutions * Decentralizing Dhaka Dhaka has become the centre of all socio-economic activities in Bangladesh. It has brought enormous pressure of people in Dhaka. In many developed countries, they use different capitals for different purposes. Same step should be taken to decentralize Dhaka as soon as possible. * Permanent Housing for Floating People Some permanent colonies should be made for the floating people, because, these people made slums for living which are now the main headache for the city planners to plan a housing system for Dhaka. * Implementing RAJUK Building Code Many buildings of Dhaka are not suitable for living as they are risky for lives. Some houses are also built in such a way that, they can accommodate only a few people in comparison to its land area. These types of problems are frequently seen in Dhaka which causes misuse of valuable lands. So, RAJUK Building Code should be strongly implemented. * Replacing Older Buildings Most of the older buildings of Dhaka are no longer usable or not planned to make best use of the land to accommodate maximum number of people. These buildings should be demolished and replaced by new planned ones. * Re-possessing Government Lands From Land Grabbers Many government lands are occupied by illegal land grabbers. As a result, these lands are coming to no use for the people; these lands should be freed in no time and used for housing purpose. . Conclusion Dhaka city is now the city of people and city of unplanned houses. Over crowded Dhaka is now at the verge of to be declared as an unlivable city. People here will fight for even a square miter of land in very near future. If situation remains same, no wonder that, people will start to live on streets. But none of the responsible authorities seems to be concerned. Though, now-a-days, some socio-cultural organizations are raising voice on this issue, but, they are not still strong enough to bring a change. So, it can be said undoubtedly that, Dhaka is going to be a death zone very soon. In such situation, there is no time left to sit idle. Dhaka should be decentralized, housing system should be re-sketched. RAJUK needs to be stricter; planners should chalk out best possible way to get us out of this catastrophe. Recently, Detailed Area Plan (DAP) has been introduced. Some satellite towns are in progress, some colonies are also going to be built for middle and lower middle income class people. But, everything is useless until the blind flow of people towards Dhaka is stopped. Since 1608, Dhaka is our pride. Our culture, our economy and our history everything got life from Dhaka. So, our existence loses value if Dhaka loses her pride. That’s why; it is our duty, to save our Dhaka, to ensure a better housing system for our next generation to live in. 7. Recommendations * Term Based planning As housing problem is an age old problem, it cannot be solved overnight. Some long planning highly needed to address the issue. Short term and long term planning should be introduced in this regard. * Encouraging people to return villages Many people come to Dhaka every year in search of fate. These people will leave Dhaka if they find proper opportunities to earn livelihood in their villages. Measures should be taken to send these people back to villages. If possible, some short term trainings and loans on easy terms can be offered to encourage them. Thus slums will be reduced and housing areas can be developed there. * Satellite Towns Around Dhaka Satellite towns around Dhaka should be given emphasize. If some people can be shifted there, pressure will be lessened on Dhaka and housing system can be re-shuffled easily. Moreover, as new towns will be pre-planned, so housing will also be planned there. * Forming Specialist Advisory Committee There are many housing experts in Bangladesh. A committee can be formed by them which will work on re-shuffling housing system of Dhaka. * Introducing A Guideline For Real-estate Business A proper guideline should be introduced for the real-estate business so that, their apartments and housing areas ensure proper housing environment. * Loans to Rebuild Old Houses In order to rebuild old and risky unplanned houses, the house owners should be granted loans on easy terms. The re-built houses should be multi-storied to accommodate larger number of people. Appendix A Questionnaire on Unplanned Housing in Dhaka City (For Academic Use Only) Name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Age: †¦. Occupation: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. Which area of Dhaka city do you live in? Ans: 2. What type of area it is ? (a) High populated (b) Moderate (C) Less populated 3. Are most of the houses in your area are planned? (a) Yes (b) No 4. Do you face any problem because of the structure plan? (a) Yes (b) No 5. do you think that the problems are increasing day by day? (a) Yes (b) No 6. Do you think that the situation can be developed? (a) Yes (b) No 7. Do you think that the government has taken enough step to reduce sufferings? (a) Yes (b) No 8. Do you think private sectors have influence on city planning? (a) Yes (b) No 9. Do you think that the unplanned structures should be demolished? (a) Yes (b) No 10. Do you think unplanned housing is making Dhaka unlivable? (a)Yes (b) No List of References Book: 1. â€Å"Business Co0rrespondence and Report Writing† by R C Sharma amp; Krishna Mohan Reports and Surveys: 1. Bangladesh Census Reports 2. †Detail Area Plan (DAP) of Dhaka Shattering the vision of DMDP†- The Daily Star, Saturday, December 20, 2008 3. Death for Dhaka if DAP fails†- The Daily Star, Thursday, January 31, 2013 Websites: 1. www. rajukdhaka. gov. bd 2. www. bbs. gov. bd 3. www. google. com 4. www . wikipedia. org 5. www. eiu. com Glossary 1. DAP- Detailed Area Plan 2. RAJUK- Rajdhani Unnoyon Kortripokkho, the authority to plan and develop Dhaka city. 3. EIU- Economist Intelligence Unit 4. BBS- Bang ladesh Bureau of Statistics [ 2 ]. : Th. Brinkhoff: The Principal Agglomerations of the World, 2012-04-01 [ 3 ]. Far Eastern Economic Review, Asia [ 4 ]. Global Liveability Survey-2012’ by Economists Intelligence Unit (EIU) [ 5 ]. Source: J. Taylor, Sketch of the Topography and Statistics of Dacca (Calcutta: Military Orphan Press, 1840) Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh National Population Census Report 1974 (Dhaka: Ministry of Planning, 1977); Bangladesh Population Census 1991 Urban Area Report (Dhaka: Ministry of Planning, 1997); Population Census 2001 Preliminary Report (Dhaka: Ministry of Planning, 2001). Th. Brinkhoff: The Principal Agglomerations of the World, 2012-04-01 [ 6 ]. Appendix; page no. 11

Famous Quotes From Americas Legendary Presidents

Famous Quotes From America's Legendary Presidents Of the 44 American presidents, some shone brighter than others. Some went down in history for their indiscretions. Nevertheless, it has been a long and successful journey of presidential democracy. Here is a collection of famous presidential quotes that will inspire you.   Franklin D. RooseveltThe only thing to fear is, fear itself. John F. KennedyLet us resolve to be masters, not the victims, of our history, controlling our own destiny without giving way to blind suspicions and emotions. Herbert HooverAmerica- a great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far-reaching in purpose. George H. W. BushRead my lips. No new taxes. Benjamin HarrisonHave you not learned that not stocks or bonds or stately houses, or products of the mill or field are our country? It is a spiritual thought that is in our minds. Woodrow WilsonNo nation is fit to sit in judgment upon any other nation. Andrew JacksonAny man worth his salt will stick up for what he believes right, but it takes a slightly better man to acknowledge instantly and without reservation that he is in error. Abraham LincolnThose who deny freedom to others, deserve it not for themselves; and, under a just God, can not long retain it. Warren Gamaliel HardingI dont know much about Americanism, but its a damn good word with which to carry an election. Ulysses S. GrantLabor disgraces no man, but occasionally men disgrace labor. Millard FillmoreGod knows that I detest slavery, but it is an existing evil, for which we are not responsible, and we must endure it, till we can get rid of it without destroying the last hope of free government in the world. George WashingtonIt is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and humbly to implore his protection and favors. Dwight D. EisenhowerWhen you are in any contest you should work as if there were- to the very last minute a chance to lose it. William McKinley, Jr.The mission of the United States is one of benevolent assimilation. Ronald ReaganThe best minds are not in government. If any were, business would hire them away. Richard NixonA man is not finished when he is defeated. He is finished when he quits. Calvin CoolidgeCollecting more taxes than is absolutely necessary is legalized robbery. Benjamin HarrisonI pity the man who wants a coat so cheap that the man or woman who produces the cloth will starve in the process. William Henry HarrisonThere is nothing more corrupting, nothing more destructive of the noblest and finest feelings of our nature, than the exercise of unlimited power. Jimmy CarterAggression unopposed becomes a contagious disease. Lyndon JohnsonFor this is what America is all about. It is the uncrossed desert and the unclimbed ridge. It is the star that is not reached and the harvest that is sleeping in the unplowed ground. William H. TaftDont write so that you can be understood; write so that you cant be misunderstood. Rutherford Birchard HayesOne of the tests of the civilization of people is the treatment of its criminals. Bill ClintonWe must teach our children to resolve their conflicts with words, not weapons. Theodore RooseveltIt is hard to fail, but it is worse never to have tried to succeed. In this life we get nothing save by effort.

B. Ed. (IInd Year)

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Engaging Communication Technologies of the 1950s Assignment - 1

Engaging Communication Technologies of the 1950s - Assignment Example Moreover, the advent of digital media has brought the conditions of the old technologies into relief, making the world more conscious of the media environment (Winston, P. 12). This paper explores the technological advances in the media industry across the world in the 1950s. In particular, the paper discusses how technological changes affected the lives and perceptions of people in different regions of the world, comparing how technology was used then and its modern use. Among the decades of the second half of the 20th Century, perhaps the 1950s was regarded as the most conservative. Nevertheless, it is during the same period that different regions of the world experienced many advances and changes in technologies and their uses. In this regard, a lot changed in the way people carried out their routine activities as work became easier to do. Given that World War II had just ended less than a decade ago and the world had come to appreciate the use of machinery and technology during the war, different governments and individual scientists embarked on developing new technologies in addition to improving on the existing ones (Winston, P. 31). The technologies that people merely anticipated during and before World War II began to become a reality for many of the people, more so in the Western World and some regions of Asia. Among the sectors that benefitted most from the technological developments of the 1950s was the communication and transport sector, particularly the media industry. It is therefore not be realistic and proper to label the 1950s a sleepy or a conservative decade. As far as media technology is concerned, the 1950s was one of the most productive and revolutionary decades. For example, a rapid change was recorded in both television and radio technology and content. In addition, there were developments in the technologies related to newspaper

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Video game industry analysis Essay Example for Free

Video game industry analysis Essay History The history of video games goes as far back as the 1940s, when in 1947 Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. and Este Ray Mann filed a United States patent request for an invention they described as a cathode ray tube amusement device. Video gaming would not reach mainstream popularity until the 1970s and 1980s, when arcade video games, gaming consoles and home computer games were introduced to the general public. Since then, video gaming has become a popular form of entertainment and a part of modern culture in most parts of the world. There are currently considered to be eight generations of video game consoles, with the seventh and the eighth concurrently ongoing. Early Founders During the golden age of video games in the 1970s, it was a rush to the start to see which company and which programmer could create a video game and platform that could trump the rest. However, most large video game manufacturers can trace their roots far before that decade, reaching back into the early 1900s or even the late 1800s. While some video game companies, such as Nintendo and Sony, would begin their economic pursuits in other fields, companies like Atari and Sega were created with an eye toward producing the ultimate gaming system. The first major video game company to come into being was Nintendo, which would eventually make video games popular again in the 1980s. Nintendo is a Japanese company that was created in 1889 and was originally named the Marufuku Company. In 1951, this company, which manufactured Western-style playing cards in Japan, would take the name Nintendo, meaning â€Å"leave luck to heaven. In 1891, the Philips Company, owner of Magnavox and an important frontrunner in the video game production race, was established in the Netherlands. In 1947, another major video game icon was founded under the name Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Company. After the founders realized this name was too cumbersome to say and remember easily, they modified the Latin word sonus (meaning sound) to form the company name Sony. Sega was founded in 1952, under the name Service Games, as a company that provided coin-operated games and jukeboxes to American servicemen in Japan. It would not be until 1972, well into the beginning of video games, that Atari was formed as a cooperative partnership between leading video game programmers Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. First Video Games and Platforms The idea for an interactive video game was first conceived of by Ralph Baer, an engineer with an airborne electronics company, in 1951. Commissioned to design a television for the company, Baer believed the TV could be more marketable to consumers if it contained a type of interactive game (Kent 2001). His idea was shot down by the company, but other engineers and programmers would not let it settle for long. The first official video games, a table-tennis type game and a computer space game, were developed in 1958 and 1961, respectively. These early video games proved to be the necessary catalyst for game programmers and were the early predecessors of the popular arcade games Pong and Space Invaders. Pong, created by the Atari Company in 1972, turned into an incredible success in arcades and led to the creation of the first home video gaming system, the Magnavox Odyssey. After the moderate success of the Odyssey, several video game companies would follow with their own home gaming systems in 1976 and 1977, including the Atari Video Computer System (VCS). Video Games Take Off By 1978, home video game consoles were beginning to sell well, and more competitors had entered the market. Nintendo of Japan released its first video game that year, a simplistic version of the board game Othello that was marketed in arcades. The popular toy makers Mattel and Milton Bradley also entered the video game scene in the following two years with a hand-held video game unit from Milton Bradley and the Intellivision by Mattel, the first video game console to offer true competition to Atari. During this golden age of video games in the late 1970s, the two leading contenders, Magnavox and Atari, both tried to add competition to the home computer market. Magnavox released the Odyssey 2, a programmable video game console that included a built-in keyboard, while Atari began selling its own personal computer designed to rival Apple. However, most consumers connected Atari only with video games, and the computer system was widely disregarded. During this time period, Atari also released its first home version of the popular arcade game Space Invaders, leading to a massive increase in sales for the VCS game console. As video gaming entered the 1980s, two incredibly popular games that would revolutionize the industry were created. Pac-Man, created by Namco in 1980, became the best-selling arcade game of all time and the first video game that was popular with both males and females. The later version, Ms. Pac-Man, would also prove to be immensely popular at arcades. The next year, in 1981, Nintendo of America created Donkey Kong for arcades. While the hero of Donkey Kong was originally named Jump man, this name was later changed to Mario and he would become an icon in years to come as a key video game hero. Unfortunately, as video games began to take off in the early 1980s, the market quickly became flooded with multiple consoles and games, and the industry experienced a market crash in 1984. Industry Growth Along with increasing Internet and broadband penetration throughout the world, online and mobile gaming represents the greatest push in the video game growth. The implication of this increase in accessibility to technology is many developing countries -specifically the BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, India and China) – are now becoming major players in the industry. As online and mobile gaming becomes more affordable, video gaming becomes more accessible to developing countries. Though console gaming currently represents the largest market in the industry, its growth is projected to slow down in the upcoming years, from a 10. 9% growth between 2003 and 2008, to a 5. 5% between 2008 and 2013. In 2008, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) represented the largest video gaming market share (35. 3%). In 2013 it is projected the Asia-Pacific region will be the leader in both growth and market share. The projection is market share in EMEA and North America will decline, while it is expected to increase in Latin America. The video game industry in the BRIC economies has developed in parallel fashion to these countries’ general economic expansion. It is projected the BRIC countries will have increased market share in future years. Market size The Video Games are a cultural phenomenon that is growing ever more prominent among young and old alike. They have become an integral part of the mass media culture and have been in existence for nearly as long as the television. While the video games of today are growing ever more detailed and lifelike, early video games like Pong, Space Invaders, and Pac-Man were equally impressive and highly entertaining at their time. From their earliest years to the complex video game landscape of the twenty-first century, video games have developed into enchanting, alternate worlds that have captured the hearts of millions of players. As of today, it is estimated that video game consoles represent more than 25% of the worlds general-purpose computational power. Also they were banned in China since June 2000 and now China is seeing explosive growth. Market size from 2003 to 2013 in $billions REVENUE FOR 2012. Size of global traditional video game market revenue, excluding mobile games on smart phones and tablets: $70 billion, up from $65 billion in 2011 Size of global video game market revenue, including mobile games on smart phones and tablets: $78. 5 billion for 2012 Retail software revenue: $28 billion, down from $29. 5 billion in 2011 Online revenue, including digital delivery, subscriptions, Facebook games: $24 billion, up from $18 billion in 2011 (Source: DFC Intelligence) CONSOLE MAKERS Microsoft Corp * Xbox 360 launched in the United States: November 2005 * Xbox consoles sold: 67 million. * Kinect motion sensors sold: 19 million Major initiative: Microsoft is expected to show off new entertainment features of its Xbox 360 and a new version of Halo. Sony Corp * PlayStation3 launched in the United States and Japan: November 2006 * As of March 31, PlayStation3 units sold: Over 63 million units * As of June 6, 2011, Sony Move motion sensors shipped: 8. 8 million units Major initiative: Sony is expected to push new games to boost sales of the Vita and PlayStation 3. Nintendo Co Ltd * Launched Wii in the United States: November 2006 * Wii units shipped: More than 95 million * DS units shipped: More than 151 million. * 3DS units: More than 17 million Major initiative: Nintendo will finally unveil the first home console in six years at E3. Device is expected to feature HD graphics, a special tablet controller and motion sensors. SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS Activision Blizzard Annual revenue: $4. 8 billion Top franchises: Call of Duty and World of Warcraft Electronic Arts Inc Annual revenue: $4. 1 billion Top franchises: The Sims and Madden NFL Take-Two Interactive Software Annual revenue: $826 million Top franchises: Grand Theft Auto and Red Dead Redemption Ubisoft Annual revenue: 1. 06 billion euros Substitute Products. Substitute products for games maybe songs from music industry, movies from movie industry, and television programs from television industry which people also sought fun and entertainment. There have not been so many problems with the substitute products because video game industry is uprising. According to a writer for Fortune, music sales have been falling in recent years, the movie going experience hasn’t change that much and network TV is on the skids. Political Determinants Unlike many other industries, the gaming industry isn’t universally affected by political determinants. Political determinants are generally specific to a country. While violence and sexual content of games are common themes of discussion, how they are handled varies from country to county. Social and Environmental Factors Social Factors Video games have an enormous place in society – most kids are exposed to video games in some sort of capacity growing up. Just like other technological mediums, there are both positive and negative social issues related to video gaming. Some Positive Effects of Playing Video Games Video games have proven to be effective tools for children’s learning when used appropriately as they impart specific attitudes, skills and behaviors on the player. For example, some video games have helped to teach children how to effectively deal with their asthma and diabetes. Further, in a study with college students, playing a golf video game improved students’ actual control of force when putting, even though the video game gave no bodily feedback on actual putting movement or force. Video games have also been shown to increase surgical skills for doctors, and research has more broadly proven that people can learn iconic, spatial, and visual attention skills from video games. [1] Some Negative Effects of Playing Video Games. Research has shown that video games can lead to negative effects on children’s physical health, including obesity, video-induced seizures, and postural, muscular and skeletal disorders, such as tendonitis, nerve compression, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Additionally, the amount of time spent playing video games has been shown to have a negative correlation with academic performance. [2] But even more prevalent, is that playing video games has been shown to have a positive correlation with antisocial and aggressive behavior. Violent video games are most commonly defined as games where the player can intentionally harm the other characters. Not only do a majority of video games today fall under this definition, but a recent study established that the majority of 4th to 8th grade students prefer violent games. [3] Environmental Factors E-Waste Almost 50 million tons of electronic products are discarded every year, and the figure continues to grow as the lifespan of new devices continues to shrink. According to the environmental organization Greenpeace, that estimated amount of e-waste generated every year put into containers on a train would be enough to circle the globe! In fact, up to five percent of all municipal solid waste worldwide is this electronic waste (e-waste). Such is the magnitude of this e-waste that it now ties with plastic packaging in number; yet electronic waste is much more hazardous. While mobile phones and computers are the main causes of this ever-increasing waste as they are replaced on average more frequently, video games and video game consoles contribute significantly to e-waste. [1] http://www. mediafamily. org/facts/facts_effect. shtml [2] http://www. buzzle. com/articles/effects-of-video-games-on-children. html [3] http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0816/is_6_21/ai_n9772319/.

Management Internal/External Factors Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Internal/External Factors of Management – Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s world management must consider a wide variety of factors in order to establish an effective management plan. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the world’s largest company and number one retailer, with this success a company this large needs to not only to look internally for solutions to their management objectives, they must also look outside of their business for additional resources. With the increase of technology and the easy access to virtually any information, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. must be prepared to react to the multitude of demands made by consumers and suppliers. The rapid change of the retail industry from brick and mortar stores to Internet purchases Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been able to stay attractive to the buying public. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has accomplished this through a highly sophisticated inventory tracking system that enables the stores, including the Internet, to have in stock exactly what the consumers are looking for. Ac cording to Hoover’s Online Wal-Mart Stores, Inc has expanded to about 4,700 stores including about 1,500 discount stores, 1,650 combination discount and grocery stores (Wal-Mart Supercenters in the US and ASDA in the UK) and 532 membership-only warehouse stores (Sam’s Club) (2003). With the introduction of a foreign market their management plan must encompass the rules and regulations of doing business in a foreign country. With the invention of their tracking and identification system, called Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has exerted control over their entire inventory and enables the workers to identify and locate merchandise more readily for the customers. E-Commerce has increased the ease of purchasing for consumers; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has a web site that allows for the ease and convenience of purchasing almost every item in the store over the Internet. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been very innovative in meeting the needs of their cl ientele, with the Supercenters, it is basically one stop shopping for all of your household and grocery needs, without the hassles of stopping at two stores when you run your errands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a highly respected private employer, Wal-Mart is committed to uphold diversity. Wal-Mart is fully committed to respect their employees... ...er innovation that Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has adopted is its frame delay data network. This allows for Wal-Mart stores to catalog and examine every transaction that is made so that they will be able to keep their finger on the pulse of the customers’ buying patterns. With this they can tract how much of a certain item customers buy and then relay that information on to the supplier. For example, if customers are buying four of the same item, then Wal-Mart can advise the supplier of this information and then the supplier can package the item in groups of four. Through innovation Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has redefined the basic dimension of the retail Industry. Works Cited About Wal-Mart. â€Å"Wal-Mart International.† 8 November 2003. http://www.walmartstores.com/wmstore/wmstore/Mainabout.jsp?BV_SessionID=@@@ Aisner, James E. â€Å"Rapid Response: Inside the Retailing Revolution.† Harvard Business School Working Knowledge on the Web. Winter 1999. http://www.e-proximity.com/cream/HBS%20retail.htm Biesada, A. (2003) Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Hoover’s Online. Retrieved November 8, 2003 from: http://www.hoovers.com/free/co/factsheet.xhtml Dash30. Wal-Mart Takes on The Web. 8 Oct. 2003 . Management Internal/External Factors Essay -- essays research papers fc The Internal/External Factors of Management – Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s world management must consider a wide variety of factors in order to establish an effective management plan. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the world’s largest company and number one retailer, with this success a company this large needs to not only to look internally for solutions to their management objectives, they must also look outside of their business for additional resources. With the increase of technology and the easy access to virtually any information, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. must be prepared to react to the multitude of demands made by consumers and suppliers. The rapid change of the retail industry from brick and mortar stores to Internet purchases Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been able to stay attractive to the buying public. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has accomplished this through a highly sophisticated inventory tracking system that enables the stores, including the Internet, to have in stock exactly what the consumers are looking for. Ac cording to Hoover’s Online Wal-Mart Stores, Inc has expanded to about 4,700 stores including about 1,500 discount stores, 1,650 combination discount and grocery stores (Wal-Mart Supercenters in the US and ASDA in the UK) and 532 membership-only warehouse stores (Sam’s Club) (2003). With the introduction of a foreign market their management plan must encompass the rules and regulations of doing business in a foreign country. With the invention of their tracking and identification system, called Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has exerted control over their entire inventory and enables the workers to identify and locate merchandise more readily for the customers. E-Commerce has increased the ease of purchasing for consumers; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has a web site that allows for the ease and convenience of purchasing almost every item in the store over the Internet. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been very innovative in meeting the needs of their cl ientele, with the Supercenters, it is basically one stop shopping for all of your household and grocery needs, without the hassles of stopping at two stores when you run your errands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a highly respected private employer, Wal-Mart is committed to uphold diversity. Wal-Mart is fully committed to respect their employees... ...er innovation that Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has adopted is its frame delay data network. This allows for Wal-Mart stores to catalog and examine every transaction that is made so that they will be able to keep their finger on the pulse of the customers’ buying patterns. With this they can tract how much of a certain item customers buy and then relay that information on to the supplier. For example, if customers are buying four of the same item, then Wal-Mart can advise the supplier of this information and then the supplier can package the item in groups of four. Through innovation Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has redefined the basic dimension of the retail Industry. Works Cited About Wal-Mart. â€Å"Wal-Mart International.† 8 November 2003. http://www.walmartstores.com/wmstore/wmstore/Mainabout.jsp?BV_SessionID=@@@ Aisner, James E. â€Å"Rapid Response: Inside the Retailing Revolution.† Harvard Business School Working Knowledge on the Web. Winter 1999. http://www.e-proximity.com/cream/HBS%20retail.htm Biesada, A. (2003) Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Hoover’s Online. Retrieved November 8, 2003 from: http://www.hoovers.com/free/co/factsheet.xhtml Dash30. Wal-Mart Takes on The Web. 8 Oct. 2003 . Management Internal/External Factors Essay -- essays research papers fc The Internal/External Factors of Management – Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s world management must consider a wide variety of factors in order to establish an effective management plan. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the world’s largest company and number one retailer, with this success a company this large needs to not only to look internally for solutions to their management objectives, they must also look outside of their business for additional resources. With the increase of technology and the easy access to virtually any information, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. must be prepared to react to the multitude of demands made by consumers and suppliers. The rapid change of the retail industry from brick and mortar stores to Internet purchases Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been able to stay attractive to the buying public. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has accomplished this through a highly sophisticated inventory tracking system that enables the stores, including the Internet, to have in stock exactly what the consumers are looking for. Ac cording to Hoover’s Online Wal-Mart Stores, Inc has expanded to about 4,700 stores including about 1,500 discount stores, 1,650 combination discount and grocery stores (Wal-Mart Supercenters in the US and ASDA in the UK) and 532 membership-only warehouse stores (Sam’s Club) (2003). With the introduction of a foreign market their management plan must encompass the rules and regulations of doing business in a foreign country. With the invention of their tracking and identification system, called Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has exerted control over their entire inventory and enables the workers to identify and locate merchandise more readily for the customers. E-Commerce has increased the ease of purchasing for consumers; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has a web site that allows for the ease and convenience of purchasing almost every item in the store over the Internet. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been very innovative in meeting the needs of their cl ientele, with the Supercenters, it is basically one stop shopping for all of your household and grocery needs, without the hassles of stopping at two stores when you run your errands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a highly respected private employer, Wal-Mart is committed to uphold diversity. Wal-Mart is fully committed to respect their employees... ...er innovation that Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has adopted is its frame delay data network. This allows for Wal-Mart stores to catalog and examine every transaction that is made so that they will be able to keep their finger on the pulse of the customers’ buying patterns. With this they can tract how much of a certain item customers buy and then relay that information on to the supplier. For example, if customers are buying four of the same item, then Wal-Mart can advise the supplier of this information and then the supplier can package the item in groups of four. Through innovation Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has redefined the basic dimension of the retail Industry. Works Cited About Wal-Mart. â€Å"Wal-Mart International.† 8 November 2003. http://www.walmartstores.com/wmstore/wmstore/Mainabout.jsp?BV_SessionID=@@@ Aisner, James E. â€Å"Rapid Response: Inside the Retailing Revolution.† Harvard Business School Working Knowledge on the Web. Winter 1999. http://www.e-proximity.com/cream/HBS%20retail.htm Biesada, A. (2003) Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Hoover’s Online. Retrieved November 8, 2003 from: http://www.hoovers.com/free/co/factsheet.xhtml Dash30. Wal-Mart Takes on The Web. 8 Oct. 2003 .

‘Of Mice and Men’ †novel and film comparison Essay

This is a comparison between Steinbeck’s original novel Of Mice and Men and the 1992 film version. I will be comparing the two beginnings, the presentation of Curley’s wife, and the treatment of a powerful scene. Of Mice and Men is one of those classic stories about friendship, loyalty, sacrifice and broken dreams. The 1992 film was directed by Gary Sinise, who also played the part of George Milton. This film was in fact the first film he had ever directed and I believe it to be very successful. The film follows the overall content of the novel, however, there are some key differences: The introduction to the film has two complete differences, the presentation of Curley’s wife, and also the treatment of a powerful scene, which will be focused on the ending. In the beginning of the Novel, it is set in Soledad. Steinbeck creates a very tranquil opening and gives the impression that it hasn’t been disrupted by human interference. ‘’On the sand bank under the trees the leaves lie deep and so crisp that a lizard makes a great skittering if he runs among them’’. However, even before the reader is introduced to the two protagonists, Steinbeck includes that this peaceful, animal inhabited area is frequently interrupted my humans. ‘’a path beaten hard by boys coming down from the ranches to swim in the deep pool, and beaten hard by tramps who come wearily down from the highway in the evening to jungle-up near water.’’ This quote shows that this has been a place humans have to for a long time. The use of the word’s ‘beaten hard’ is associated with a path which has been walked on for many years. This tells the reader that however peaceful the area may be, it has always been trespassed by humans. The animals react in fear due to the sound of footsteps mentioned again. This also suggests that the animals are not used to humans entering their little world and thus they hide away. ‘’The rabbits hurried noiselessly for cover. A stilted heron labored up into the air and pounded down river. For a moment the place was lifeless, and then two men emerged from the path and came into the opening by the green pool.’’ The description of George and Lennie’s entrance indicates that George appears to be in change. ‘’They had walked single file down the path, and even in the open, one stayed behind the other.’’ This shows the reader that there isn’t a close bond of friendship, but more of a leader and a follower, i.e. George being the leader, and Lennie the follower. The description of George and Lennie gives the reader a sense of their characters immediately. ‘’The first man was small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features. Every part of him was defined: small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose.’’ This shows the reader that George is a man of intelligence and means business. Lennie’s description on the other hand is described as someone who is quite the opposite. ‘’Behind him walked his opposite, a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders; and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. His arms did not swing at his sides, but hung loosely.’’ Lennie is described physically with a great use of animal imagery. This adds to the fact that Lennie does lack intelligence. In his description he indicates that Lennie is also someone in need of guidance and cannot think on his own accords which could conclude why George is with him. The beginning of the film is very different compared to the novel. It isn’t shown as peaceful at all. In fact the music used gives a great feeling of intensity and panic. When the piano is included with the rhythm of the violin, it adds a sense of hopelessness. There are notes played on a higher scale of the piano which insist a sense of innocence, however, nothing is suggesting happiness. The opening scene begins on a train with George sitting alone looking very strong in the darkness of the carriage. Although the train is very dark, beams of light shine through from gaps in the wooden walls. The scene is then changed to a much brighter atmosphere with a young woman running in a field in Weed – George and Lennie’s home town. However, music is still very fast and tense which prepares the audience again that this is a sad story. George and Lennie are being chased by men with guns on horseback. It is clear to the audience that George is in charge just by seeing that he is leading the way and telling Lennie what to do. We then see George and Lennie escape, sneaking onto the train and we hear the first convocation between George and Lennie which again indicates that George is in charge as he merely tells him to ‘’shh’’ and ‘’Go to sleep’’. Lennie responds with simple use of the English language which again shows the audience that he has some kind of disability. It’s quite ironic really because Lennie is in a very big character although he cries and depends on George for the majority of things. The incident in Weed is not running in a chronologically compared to the novel as we are introduced to the incident before we actually meet the characters. At the very beginning when we first see George, it is as if the incident in Weed is his memory and he is pondering on it as him and Lennie travel to their destination on the farm in Soledad. In the novel, the readers are introduced to the incident in Weed later on in the novel when George and Slim have a conversation on the Ranch. In the film, the audience is introduced to the Ranch with very country-like music which is fairly happy and uplifting compared to the musical piece the audience are introduced to at the very beginning. In the novel, Curley’s Wife is first mentioned through a conversation with George and Candy. Candy makes it seem like Curley’s Wife is a bit of a flirt before the reader is even introduced to her by saying that even though she is married she’s ‘got the eye’. However, although she isn’t exactly happy being with Curley, she just wants some attention. When the reader is introduced to her she is described wearing very a rather lot of makeup. ‘’She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red.’’ Curley’s Wife wears a lot of red. Red is seen as the most intense colours and is very noticeable. The fact that she wears a lot of red indicates that she wants to be noticed. ‘’She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers.’’ As she lives on a farm, she is not really dressed appropriately for the wife of a rancher. However, Curley ignores Curley’s Wife so it is of no surprise that she is wearing things to attract the other men on the farm. Her body language insists that she is very provocative as if she is tempting the men to go after her. ‘She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward.’ Lennie is very much attracted to her although George and the other men are not. This kind of suggests that Lennie will have something to with her although not in a sense of sexual nature, but similar to the same incidence in Weed where Lennie was accused of attempting rape towards the girl running away when he was only caught up in stroking her dress that he would not let go. In section four of the novel, there is a part where Curley’s Wife enters looking for Curley although in the film this was left out. Perhaps to ensure that Curley’s Wife was wanted to be seen by Gary Sinise as someone who needed sympathy from the audience. During this part of the novel, Curley’s Wife describes her relationship with Curley. ‘’Sure I gotta husban’. You all seen him. Swell guy, aint he? Spends all his time sayin’ what he’s gonna do to guts he don’t like, and he don’t like nobody. Think I’m gonna stay in that two-by-four house and listen how Curley’s gonna lead with his left twice and then bring in the ol’ right cross?’’ This creates a lot of sympathy towards Curley’s Wife as she is obviously rejected by Curley to the point where she isn’t even properly included. The fact that as the reader, we don’t even know her name also suggests that she is unimportant towards Curley and the other characters. Crooks quickly turns on Curley’s Wife insisting that she leaves, however, she has a lot of power over him considering she’s white and back then, black people were simply just slaves and were resented by a lot of people. Knowing that, Crooks backs down almost to a point where he is leaning against the wall. ‘’Listen Nigger/ You know what I can do to you if you open your trap? †¦ Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny.’’ This is practically the only time that Curley’s Wife has some kind of power over someone, and because he is treated no better than an animal as he lives next to the barn where all the animals are and not even in a properly built home, more of a shed, suggests that Curley’s Wife only really has power, or a chance to step in on her own accords is towards Crooks. Section five is where Curley’s Wife initially dies due to her trust, and lack of self control in Lennie. Steinbeck has been implying that Curley’s Wife was just really an innocent young woman and all the makeup was just an act for attention. ‘’the meanness and the plannings and the discontent and the ache for attention were all gone from her face. She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young.’’ Again the amount of makeup she had on makes her look as if she were still alive ‘’Now her roughed cheeks and her reddened lips made her seem alive and sleeping very lightly.’’ In the film, the audience are introduced to her again like in the novel looking for Curley. She is dressed in a pink floral dress unlike in the novel where she is wearing mostly red. However she is wearing red lipstick although her eyes are not heavily made up but it is noticeable that she is wearing eye makeup. It is clear that she is not wearing heels because the sounds of her foot steps are quite bold. Compared to the book she is a lot less provocative but the way she speaks to the men on the farm is very flirtatious and her body language is very suggestive, for example she pushes her chest forward and places her hands on her hips which could insinuate her wanting more than just somebody to talk to, although we know she just wants somebody to talk to. When Curley’s Wife leaves, George’s immediate response is towards Lennie is for him to stay away from her due to the incident in Weed. There are three added scenes featured in the film. These were most likely included to show the audience how Curley’s Wife has no sympathy or consideration from the other men at the barn and how Curley himself treats his wife with little consideration. The barn scene, being the first added scene is where we see George taking a tired out horse back to the barn where he also encounters Curley’s Wife. The way she talks to George is very flirtatious and almost as if she is leading him on, however she then goes on about how she wants somebody to talk to her because Curley himself doesn‘t give her any attention and is undoubtedly trying to better himself compared to the other men, thus why he picks on Lennie, who is a lot taller than him and certainly much more stronger. The second added scene is The Speed Ball Scene where we see Curley punching away at the speed ball. This could have been added to enhance the audiences awareness that he is constantly aggressive and obsessed with fighting. Curley’s Wife is sat levelled above Curley with no body around and is clearly very lonely and extremely bored. With all the men working on the farm in the background, and Curley, although not working himself, is still not giving his wife a second thought. This is a clear indication that Curley’s Wife is isolated on the ranch and I think it emphasises the description given about her dead body in section 5 of the novel where underneath all of the makeup and desperate attempts for some attention, she was merely just a sweet, innocent and lonely girl. The final added scene in the film is The Broken Record Scene. She is wearing no makeup and obviously had been crying and is completely on her own. She vents about what had happened – Curley got aggressive and smashed all of her four records therefore not being able to play them which reminds the audience of Curley‘s violent nature. The reaction is pitiful and it is obvious that nobody taking any consideration for her. Curley’s Wife then runs off saying that if she ran away no one would miss her etc which could be suggesting her death. All of the added scenes help to enhance the audience’s awareness from the beginning of the film that Curley’s Wife should be seen in a very sympathetic perspective and this is not clear in the novel until Steinbeck’s description of her dead body. A very good example of a powerful scene would be the very ending of both the novel and the film. In the novel, Steinbeck sets the scene for the ending which takes place in Salinas River. He describes the surroundings beautifully and authentically just like in the beginning of the novel which creates a very peaceful image for the reader. ‘’The deep green pool of the Salinas River was still in the late afternoon. Already the sun had left the valley to go climbing up the slopes of the Gabilan mountains, and the hilltops were rosy in the sun.’’ Nevertheless, the peaceful scene is spoiled even before the arrival of Lennie as Steinbeck creates an image that suggests death and readies the reader for what is about to unfold. ‘’A silent head and beak lanced down and plucked it out by the head, and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically.’’ As Lennie arrives he begins to have two hallucinations which are not shown in the film. The first hallucination is of his Aunt Clara and through the conversation brought about by Lennie’s imagination, his greatest fears are revealed. George’s reaction to what Lennie has done and the fact that Lennie has no real understanding of the seriousness of what he has done, which enhances his guilt feeling because he knows that he has disappointed George. The conversation then leads on to Aunt Clara making him feel even more guilty because George has done so much for Lennie and all he does is give him grief when George could do so much more without him. Lennie’s second hallucination is of a rabbit. This is could be a symbol of Lennie’s childlike nature and how the only real bad thing he can think of is how George will not allow him to look after the rabbits and the fact that he will now leave him. The conversation with the rabbit could also show how Lennie is very naà ¯ve and is convinced George will not leave him or get mad. The novel and the film are very similar as far as the conversation between George and Lennie are concerned. In the novel, it is prolonged to gradually build up tension for the reader when they realise that George is going to shoot Lennie. When he finally does, it is clear that this has traumatised George and is a very dreadful thing for George to undergo. ‘’George shivered and looked at the gun, and then he threw it from him, back up on the bank, near the pile of old ashes.’’ George is comforted by Slim and is taken for a drink. However, the reader is reminded of the ignorance by society as they are blinded by what George has just had to go through, which ends the novel. Then ending of the film is very sad. Lennie is found and comforted by George’s voice and soon by ‘The American Dream’ which is referred to several times throughout the film. The audience are unaware of what is about to happen as when George finally shoots Lennie it is very sudden. The music, played at the beginning of the film is again brought back, which is very touching and adds for a great effect to what has just occurred. Instead of the hallucinations Lennie’s fears are brought into the convocation between him and George and are much shorter than in the novel. In the novel, it begins and ends at the Salinas River where as in the film it begins and ends with George sat on the train. Just like at the beginning, there are flash backs, but this time of George and Lennie together. This indicates that George has spent the majority of his time with Lennie and they had a very brotherly relationship. The flash backs could imply George being deeply upset due to t he fact he has killed his best friend.

The Teachers Place In Society Education Essay

The instructor ‘s topographic point in society is of critical importance. He acts as a pivot for the transmittal of rational traditions and proficient accomplishments from coevals to coevals and helps to maintain the lamp of civilisation combustion. The instructors are literally the supreme authorities of a state ‘s fate. He is being recognized as the most critical factor in the educational system. Upon his preparation, dedication and efficiency stands the whole construction of instruction. He is the key of quality instruction and the surrogate parent of the kid. Child looks to him for cognition, wisdom, manners ethical motives inspiration, and what non. A instructor performs many maps in the schoolroom for the comprehensive development of the pupils. Teacher maintain the pupils safe, make up one's mind what is of import for pupils to larn, show a rich and organized organic structure of information to the pupils, protect and better the pupils ‘ self-pride, supply an environment for the pupils to research a assortment of experiences, aid pupils use computing machines and other technology-related tools to carry through specific undertakings, arrange the pupils ‘ environment to maximise the chance that they will larn what you want them to larn, do certain pupils are prepared for the following degree of their instruction, do certain pupils learn what other people ( national, province, and/or territory educational professionals ; parents ) think is of import for them to larn, love and foster the pupils. In order to successfully accomplish the above-named maps, a instructor needs to move as a director in his/her schoolroom. In other words, the instructor should possess some of import managerial accomplishments. A director is usually defined as person who is in charge of his/her administration and is responsible for the proper working the organising in every facet. Among the 10 direction functions that Henry Mintzberg ( 1973 ) identified in his thesis entitled â€Å" The Nature of Managerial Work † , he suggested eight set of managerial accomplishments, viz. : Peer Skills Leadership Skills Conflict Resolution Skills Information Processing Skills Skills in Decision-Making Under Ambiguity Resource Allocation Skills Entrepreneurial Skills Introspection Skills Chapter Two – Necessary Managerial Skills for Teachers Harmonizing to the Oxford lexicon, a accomplishment is defined to be the ability to make something good or an expertness. In add-on, a accomplishment is an facet of behavior that can be learnt. In the undermentioned lines, the different managerial accomplishments that are indispensable, in my sentiment, for a instructor so as to supply the best acquisition environment for his/her pupils will be elaborated. 2.1 Skill One: Leadership Skill Sharma ( 2002 ) believes that the function of the instructor is really of import and he/she demands to move as a leader in his/her schoolroom. Associating to Mintzberg ( 1973 ) , this accomplishment is concerned with the ability of the instructor to actuate and assist his/her pupils and at the same clip, to cover with their jobs efficaciously. For those pupils who are per se motivated, the instructor merely acts as an instigator and a facilitator. However, for those pupils who are non motivated ( and harmonizing to my experience, there is a big bulk of them ) , the instructor ‘s leading function is critical of import to actuate those pupils. Motivation, harmonizing to me, can be defined as a force that awakes a individual from his/her sleepy manner to force him/her in an active and dynamic manner. Lavoie ( 2011 ) identified eight forces that motivate people, viz. , gregariousness, liberty, position, curiousness, ( positive ) aggression, power, acknowledgment and association. Bing a Mathematics instructor, in my sentiment, the undermentioned schemes can be adopted to actuate the pupils: The instructor himself/herself must be seen as being motivated Teacher motive can be defined as â€Å" willingness, thrust or desire to prosecute in good instruction † ( Michaelowa, 2002, p.5 ) . Hence, mathematically talking, teacher, motive is tantamount to efficient instruction and accordingly, efficient acquisition. Find suited ways to do pupils love the topic One of the grounds why some pupils dislike mathematics and happen it deadening is the fact that they do non cognize about its application in real-life. Hence, the instructor needs to teach the pupils about the real-life application of mathematics on the first twenty-four hours to do them cognizant of its importance in the mundane life and how, without mathematics, many things would be unattainable or about impossible. State the purposes and aims of the capable affair This should be done on the first twenty-four hours of the class. It is of import to do them aware what is expected from them and in bend, what qualities or behaviours they are expected to hold at the terminal of the class twelvemonth. Let the pupils know that the instructor is ever available whenever person is holding troubles in his surveies. Set-up the schoolroom regulations and ordinances in coaction with the pupils. Use different instruction manners in order to fit the diverse larning manners of the pupils. In order to extrinsically actuate the pupils, the instructor can assure his/her pupils that the best two among them will be rewarded at the terminal of each term. Of class, the instructor needs to maintain his promise. 2.2 Skill Two: Peer Skill Peer accomplishment would mention to the ability of the instructor to move, at one clip, as a director of the schoolroom and at another clip, as a friend to his/her pupils. This friendly relationship should be to some bound and the pupils should be made cognizant of it. Otherwise, being excessively friendly would do pandemonium and undiscipline in the category and later, the larning environment of the category would be to a great extent and severely affected. In general, a pupil, like any other individual, has a demand to experience a sense of belongingness to his/her category, his/her classmates every bit good as his/her instructor. Research has shown that when a pupil feels he/she ‘belongs ‘ to the category, he/she has a higher grade of intrinsic motive and has more assurance academically. Freeman et Al. ( 2007 ) claimed that, harmonizing to pupils, their sense of belongingness for a category is raised by a instructor that demonstrates heats and openness, encourages pupil engagement, is enthusiastic, friendly and helpful, and is organised and prepared for category. 2.3 Skill Three: Conflict Resolution Skill Life in a schoolroom is non ever sweet. On and off, things get rancid between the pupils or even between the pupil and the instructor for diverse grounds. Classroom struggles, may it be a minor or a major one, must be dealt with every bit shortly as they arise so as to forestall the state of affairs from acquiring out of control. Otherwise, they would botch the instruction and larning environment of the schoolroom. For minor instances, the instructor needs to utilize his/her managerial accomplishments of go-between and negotiant rapidly and reasonably. The first measure is to garner information about the causes of the incident, guaranting that the information obtained is from echt beginnings. The 2nd measure would be to listen attentively to both students/groups. The last measure would be to work jointly with those involved towards a solution. In my sentiment, by continuing in this manner, the pupils would experience closer to their instructor in that they know they can swear their instructor and at the same clip, they are larning this really of import accomplishment of deciding struggles, which they may use it subsequently in their ain life. In line with the above, Feldman ( 1989 ) argues that pupils would be more positively disposed to the schoolroom activities and to the instructor if they think that the instructor cares about them. However, for major instances of undiscipline, such as sexual maltreatment, the instructor needs to follow the regulations and ordinances of the school subject. The best solution would be to direct those involved to the Discipline Master who would cover with them consequently. 2.4 Skill Four: Information Processing Skill This accomplishment is about the instructor ‘s ability to pull out, collect and portion information relevant to the capable affair or subject. In the traditional position of instruction and acquisition, the instructor was the exclusive beginning of cognition and hence, the category was dominantly teacher-oriented. However, despite the fact that this attack to learning and acquisition is regarded as being disused, some topics, like mathematics, are most of the clip teacher-centred. But, a good mathematics instructor would happen ways to do his/her category an gratifying and fruitful experience. Personally, since about all subjects are inter-related in mathematics, I ever start a subject by giving the basic information and from that, other regulations are derived with the aid of the pupils. In this manner, the instruction manner is shifted from the expository one to a more synergistic more where each pupil is able to lend something in the building of new cognition. The constructivist attack leads to effectual mathematics learning and larning ( Van de Walle, 1995 ) . In add-on, this attack requires the pupils to be brooding and to work on their old cognition in order to obtain new cognition. Furthermore, their problem-solving ability is enhanced. Brooks & A ; Brooks ( 1993 ) relate that the followers is implied in a constructivist schoolroom: Student liberty and enterprise are accepted and encouraged. The instructor asks open-ended inquiries and allows delay clip for responses. Higher-level thought is encouraged. Students are engaged in duologue with the instructor and with each other. Students are engaged in experiences that challenge hypotheses and promote treatment. The category uses natural informations, primary beginnings, manipulatives, and physical, synergistic stuffs. A good mathematics instructor should be able to utilize a assortment of learning manners in order to do the topic appear interesting and easy, and at the same clip, cater for the different acquisition manners of his/her pupils. For case, to learn the subject Vectors in 3-Dimension, it is really hard for pupils to understand the constructs involved utilizing the traditional attack as the subject is instead an abstract one. But when the job is modelled utilizing appropriate technological tools, the pupils are able to visualize the job and accordingly, they learn how to pattern the jobs on their ain utilizing paper and pencil. Hence, using the right mathematical constructs, they are able to work out any jobs on Vectors in 3-Dimension. 2.5 Skill Five: Resource Allocation Skill This skill trades with the instructor ‘s ability to pull off his/her clip decently and to make out to each pupil ‘s encountered troubles. The best manner to accomplish these is through proper lesson planning. It is true that to fix a lesson is a cumbrous undertaking but at the terminal of the twenty-four hours, it helps salvage a batch of clip and more things can be done. In fact, it can be said that lesson planning is a one measure rearward and two stairss frontward approach. From past experience, the followers should be taken into consideration when fixing a lesson program: Carry out one lesson at a clip The purpose and aims of the lesson should be good set and the pupils should be made cognizant of it Since about all subjects in mathematics is based on some pre-requisites, ever recall those old cognition in order to acquire the pupils in the temper Based on the trouble of the subject, take a considerable sum of clip to to the full explicate the subject, taking into consideration the jobs pupils are holding and blow no clip to unclutter these misconceptions Allow pupils to hold sufficient sum of clip to pattern some jobs in category and at the same clip, utilize this ‘free ‘ clip to cover separately with those holding farther jobs Summarize the whole lesson Give a sensible sum of prep Reserve the following session for rectifying prep and for farther pattern ( remedial plants if needed ) A well-prepared lesson program non merely affect the resource allotment accomplishment but besides the entrepreneurial accomplishment of the teacher-manager as the latter trades with the ability of the instructor to look for jobs and chances that may originate during a lesson and thereof, implement the necessary alteration swimmingly. For case, while explicating a subject, the instructor noticed that the bulk of pupils are non hold oning the lesson, so, he/she should be able to alter the instruction manner consequently. This is why it is of import to ever hold a Plan B. 2.6 Skill Six: Introspection Skill This maybe the most of import accomplishment needed by a teacher-manager. It deals with the instructor ‘s ability to reflect upon his/her ain work and the impact it has on his/her pupils. In other words, after each lesson, the instructor needs to self-evaluate himself/herself. Successful rating would be that learning and acquisition has occurred and each pupil has understood the lesson and all plants have been completed. Else, the instructor needs to alter his/her learning schemes and/or behavior in category. Chapter 3 – Decision To be a good and effectual instructor, a blend of managerial accomplishments is required by the instructor in order to advance a successful instruction and acquisition environment. It is of import to observe that instructors are born with these accomplishments but it takes clip every bit good as tonss of pattern to get and get the hang these accomplishments.

Are You Creative

Are You Creative Per Steve Jobs: Creativity is just connecting things. When you ask creative people how they did something, they feel a little guilty because they didn’t really do it, they just saw something. It seemed obvious to them after a while. That’s because they were able to connect experiences they’ve had and synthesize new things. Writers question their creativity. They think it ought to be magic, something that travels down and strikes them out of the ether, when in actuality, creativity isnt so esoteric. While we think it just happens, in reality, it is the culmination of our experiences, our education, and our willingness to let loose of the manacles of rules. The more freedom you allow yourself, the greater your chance of creativity. What does that mean? 1) You avoid copying someone else. 2) You dare to be stupid, ridiculous, just down-right liberated from the norm. 3) You forget about embarrassment. 4) You think 100 percent about the creation instead of how well your creative genius can be marketed. Now, nothing says you cannot be creative in marketing/promotion as well. Again, you dont rely heavily on the how-to books, the classes, or the podcasts that tell thousands of people the secret of marketing. Sorry, but it quits being a secret and quits being quite so phenomenally effective when everyone is doing it. The only reason I might glance at those secrets is to figure out how to avoid what they did and forge an entirely different direction. For instance, selling books for free isnt as financially successful as before. I equate the freebie ebook gimmick to the writing about vampires trend that came and went. And if you are writing to any sort of fad, keep in mind that it too shall wane. Allow yourself to be weird, odd, and abnormal. We admire the people who do take the road less traveled and then find success. So why do we then try to be them, following their steps, copying their lessons, shadowing each move they make? Whywhen we ought to be creating our own path? Creativity takes boldness. Shortcuts are simply flashes in a pan and quickly forgotten.

The Role of Government in the Twentieth Century Essay

The Role of Government in the Twentieth Century - Essay Example Their was a desire for change in the culture of society. There were a lot of reforms and changes occurred in each phase of society and in all sections. The change was not only in the lifestyle of the people but also in the business and service sector. Their working method and environment was also changing according to their business. Some of the reforms and movements were Progressivism, new deal era, first and the second world war. These reforms changed the whole scenario of the 20th century. A detailed knowledge about these reforms will define the role of government and the response of people over these reforms. Progressive movement was started in 1889 but its importance was highlighted in the starting of 20th century. The progressive movement was based on the concepts of social justice, greater efficiency in government and social control. This movement was basically consisting of the middle class people and urban professionals. The people thought that the government should become more active regarding democratic reforms and in protecting laborers. Woodrow Wilson was the governor of New Jersey and became the president of United States in 1912. He started the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. This act provided the control of government over banking. He also introduced Federal Trade Commission Act that regulated the trade by taking commission from these trade corporations. He appointed commissioner to regulate these trades affairs. The appointment of these commissioners was not liked by progressives. The progressivism was exploited mostly by the white men. Women were the victims of progressivism. This resulted in the launch of National Women Party which fought against women suffrage. Black were also the sufferers of progressivism. Rich people were exploiting poor and hampering cultural ethics by making wrong use of progressivism. But above all its drawbacks progressive reform developed the culture, lifestyle, new trade methods and much more advancements. The government became more responsible towards the economic and social welfare. Middle class people became more conscious towards their right in the society. The banking procedure was changed and got under the control of government. Progressivism preserved the capitalist system. Progressivism introduced many democratic ideas from different parts of the society. This was the end of nineteenth century and progressivism was the major reform of this century Cities were the main attraction of progressive movement. The urban population wanted to develop the cities and make a place to live safer and healthier. Different parts of the society were now becoming active towards their common problem. These changes have to be done to civilize the cities without attracting America's economy. This was the main aim of progressive

Information Systems Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Information Systems Strategy - Essay Example As the overall definition of strategy goes strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation with a long-term perspective that aims at putting the organization in an advantageous position by reorganizing its own resources to meet the challenging business environments. In the process, strategy tries to match the requirements of the market and to meet the demands of the stakeholders of the firm. Strategies do exist at different levels of the organization. Some strategies are formed at corporate level and few others are formed at the business levels. The overall strategies when broken down take the form of operational strategies. It is also imperative for any organization to have its systems regarding the collection and dissemination of information in place so that the top management of the firm is supplied with valid inputs for making effective managerial decisions affecting the business of the firm. A proper alignment of the business strategies and the information system strategi es will enable the firm to plan its resources more effectively to accelerate the growth of its business. With this background this paper makes a detailed report on the role the information system and information technology strategies play in the development of a business along with the potential benefits that may arise to the business out of the implementation of the information systems strategies along with the business strategies. 2.0 Role of Information Systems Strate